The Fallacies of Intelligent Design Theory

What about the negative side of the t-axis?  Nothing forbids an expansion in that direction as well.  The equations of classical or quantum physics make no fundamental distinction between the two time directions.  A completely time-symmetric solution of Einstein's equations for the vacuum will give exponential expansion on both sides of the time axis, proceeding away from t = 0, where the initial quantum fluctuation was located. 

 This implies the existence of another part of our universe, separated from our present part along the time axis.  From our point of view, that part is in our deep past, exponentially deflating to the void prior to the quantum fluctuation that then grew to our current universe.  However, from the point of view of observers in the universe at that time, their future is into our past - the direction of increasing entropy on that side of the axis.  They would experience a universe expanding into their future, just as we experience one expanding into our future.  In other words, each side of the time axis has an arrow pointing away from the origin. 

 Unless physics is completely deterministic, which is not believed to be the case, there is no reason to expect these different parts of the universe to be identical, i.e., mirror images of one another.  They would more likely be two different worlds, each expanding in its own way, filled with random events unique to each, and perhaps with different kinds of life.  Fundamentally, the universe as a whole is time-symmetric, running all the way from minus eternity to plus eternity with no preferred direction, no "arrow" of time.  Indeed, the whole notion of beginning is meaningless in a time-symmetric universe.  And without a beginning, the whole Kalam cosmological argument for a creator fails because of the failure of step (2) in Craig's syllogism. 

 

 Conclusion

 Stenger has described a scenario for an infinite, eternal, and symmetric universe that had no beginning (and, symmetrically, no end).  The quantum fluctuation occurs at a random spatial and temporal point in an infinite void.  He admits that his scenario will be criticized as speculative by theists; however, unlike the ID hypothesis, it is based on established science.  Thus, it is less speculative than the god-as-designer claim. 

 The wave function theory represents one successful example of how the process of spontaneous structure formation from underlying symmetry and chaos may have come about. 

This theory corresponds to observational evidence.  It predicts our universe has evenly-distributed matter on a large scale (on the scale of super-clusters of galaxies).  It predicts that the expansion rate of our universe would be almost exactly between a rate at which the universe expanded forever and a rate at which it expands and then collapses.  It also predicts the very early area of rapid expansion near the beginning of the universe called inflation.  It exactly predicted what the COBE satellite (the Cosmic Background Explorer, developed by NASA to measure the diffuse infrared and microwave radiation from the early universe to the limits set by our astrophysical environment) discovered about the irregularities of the background radiation in the universe.  So the universe may exist in accord with the wave function theory, which implies that there is a high probability that the universe came into existence uncaused. 

 The existence of non-caused quantum phenomena and the likelihood that the universe came into existence without a cause refute the premises of Craig's Kalam cosmological argument.  The theological significance of inflationary cosmology is that it shows how the universe can have formed from nothing, in complete chaos (maximum entropy) and still result in order forming spontaneously, without violating any known principle of physics.  That is, it provides an economical explanation of the origin of the universe without design.  A creator is not required by the data. 

 

 References

 Craig, William Lane.  The Kalam Cosmological Argument.  Library of Philosophy and Religion.  London:  Macmillan.

Stenger, Victor J.  Intelligent Design:  The New Stealth Creationism.  (2001).  http://spot.colorado.edu/~vstenger

 Stenger, Victor J.  The Unconscious Quantum:  Metaphysics in Modern Physics and Cosmology.  Amherst:  Prometheous Books, 1995.

 

 The Case for Design Based on Big Bang Creation: Pages 1, 2, 3. (4)

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Introduction

The Fallacies of Intelligent
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